Timothy Rasinski, Ph.D.

In my previous blog posting for The Robb Review, I focused on what should be the real goal of phonics instruction – to get kids to the point where they don’t have to use phonics much in their reading.  We want students to be so proficient and efficient at word recognition that minimal attention is given to word decoding and maximum attention can be directed toward comprehension.   Staying with this theme of reading instruction goals, I’d like to focus on reading fluency and state right off the bat that the goal of fluency instruction should not be to make kids read fast.    It has been this incessant focus on increasing reading speed, I think, that has unfortunately given reading fluency a bad rep.

What is Reading Fluency?

Fluency has been called the neglected goal of the reading program (and it is) (Allington, 1983); it has also been called the bridge from word recognition to comprehension.     I like that bridge metaphor a lot. Fluency is the critical link to making meaning while reading. There are two components to fluency. The first is automaticity in word recognition – the ability to recognize words so effortlessly that most of a reader’s attention can be devoted to comprehension.   Automaticity is the part of the bridge that links to word recognition.

The other part of the fluency bridge is called prosody or reading with expression.  This is the link to comprehension. When a reader reads with appropriate expression that reflects the meaning of the text, she is striving to comprehend that text.  This is the part of fluency that is often neglected in instruction; yet it is critical for comprehension to occur, even when reading silently.

How Should We Teach Fluency?

As with anything we want to become fluent at (e.g., speaking, driving, golf, cooking), fluency is developed through practice.   In reading, we have several forms of practice that can and should be employed. These forms of practice include wide reading, assisted reading where a reader reads while simultaneously hearing a fluent reading of the same text by a partner or recording, and repeated reading where a reader reads a text several times until she achieves fluency on that text (Rasinski, 2010).    In all these forms of practice the goal should be reading for meaning, and if reading orally, to read with appropriate expression that conveys meaning to anyone who may be listening.

How Does Reading Speed Fit into the Fluency Equation?

Reading speed (words read correctly per minute) is an indicator of word recognition automaticity and is often called the oral reading fluency (ORF) score.   The more automatic or effortless you are in recognizing words in text, the faster your reading becomes, AND the more attention you can devote to comprehending the text as opposed to analyzing the words in the text.    Reading speed is an indicator or consequence of the fluency component of automaticity, BUT it is not fluency. Our reading speed increases as our fluency improves, not the other way around. I often say that I want our children to become fast readers just the way I am and all of you reading this blog are reasonably fast readers;  but I want them to become fast the same way we all became fast readers – through lots and lots of authentic practice in reading.

So go ahead and use DIBELS and AimsWeb ORF scores, or Hasbrouck and Tindal’s norms (Words Correct per Minute) cautiously and sparingly as indicators of students’ growth in automaticity, but please, please, please do not let children think that you are trying to get them to read faster.   The increase in reading speed (as well as improvements in reading with expression) will happen with authentic reading practice, not with overt instruction or implied emphasis on reading fast.

Fluency is More than Automaticity

A few years ago, I came across recordings of arguably two of the most fluently read speeches in American  history – Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream Speech” and John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address “Ask Not What Your Country…”     I subjected the oral readings of both of these speeches to an ORF (reading speed) assessment. In both cases, Dr. King and President Kennedy’s readings of their speeches may have landed them in a remedial reading class based on their very low ORF scores.     I am sure they were both automatic in their word recognition, and they could have read those speeches quickly. But doing so would have taken away from the meaning they were trying to convey. Because they were automatic in their recognition of the words in their speeches they were able to devote their attention to making and elaborating on the meaning they wished to share orally. They raised and lowered their voices, had dramatic pauses, changed volume and tone in order to more effectively to deliver their intended meanings to their audiences.   What truly made those speeches fluent was not the speed, but the expression (prosody) that they embedded in their readings.

For fluency instruction to truly work we need to see the goal of fluency as expressive oral (and silent) reading that reflects the meaning of the text.    When we make expressive and meaningful reading of texts the true goal of fluency (and avoid putting emphasis on fast reading) we will see significant improvements in reading comprehension (as well as reading speed).

You can find resources on teaching accurate and automatic word recognition and expressive prosodic reading (i.e. fluency) at Tim’s own website – www.timrasinski.com

Please see also my new book on reading fluency (written with Melissa Cheesman Smith) – The Megabook of Fluency, published by Scholastic.

References

Allington, R.L. (1983).  Fluency: The neglected reading goal.  The Reading Teacher, 36, 556-561.

Hasbrouck, J., & Tindal, G. A. (2006) Oral reading fluency norms: A valuable assessment tool for reading teachers. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 636-644.

Rasinski, T. V. (2010).  The fluent reader:  Oral and silent reading strategies for building word recognition, fluency, and comprehension (2nd edition).  New York: Scholastic.

Strategies for Classroom Teachers

 

By: Cameron Carter 

Those in the field of education, at one point or another (probably in one of those after school staff meetings), have heard the phrase, “Research shows early intervention is a key component to a child’s reading success”. Many teachers heavily rely on intervention specialists to provide this intervention when a child is struggling to read. This is a great approach for most, but what about those “bubble” kiddos who don’t always qualify for intervention services? How do we “catch” them or “meet them” where they are to ensure their reading progress? Today, I will be walking you through a student (name changed for confidentiality), and how early intervention helped this child go from a non-reader to a reader on grade level in one school year’s time.

I teach first grade, and the first thing I analyze is the reading profile of the kiddo who sits before me. Years ago, I used to call it the “reading table”, but as research and practices have evolved, I now refer to it as just “the back table”. When children meet with me, we are not always “reading”. Best practices indicate there’s a “balanced approach” for how we teach children to read. Some children may need a heavy emphasis on phonemic awareness, whereas others may need a multi-sensory approach to decoding. 

Let’s meet our friend Paul. He is a lovable six year old who enjoys the arts and playing outdoors with friends. Paul sounds like every other child about to be in first grade. He does have one difference… Paul did not attend a traditional Kindergarten; therefore he came to first grade knowing only a few letters. For the demographic of the children I teach, this is not a typical case. I knew my instruction would need to tailor to the needs of Paul right away to ensure his success this year. 

*Paul’s first piece of writing at the beginning of first grade

The Process

In order for Paul to begin decoding, I needed him to have a solid foundation of phonemic awareness and letter-sound correspondence. Paul was quite strong in phonemic awareness; therefore we focused our time together on building our letter-sound relationship. We listened to songs about letters/sounds, we moved our bodies, and most importantly, we used a mirror to see a visual representation of the way our mouth moves when we say the sounds of certain letters. 

After a while, Paul was ready to begin taking individual sounds to form consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, such as “cat” and “dog”. We tapped the individual sounds, blended them together to form the word, and then practiced our letters by writing the word. At times, it was hard for Paul to hold onto the sounds to blend them together, so we used Magna-Tiles to visually see the sounds “connecting” or “magnetizing” together to build the word. Magna-Tiles can be written on with a dry erase marker, and they erase easily. Another resource I used was from the K-3 Literacy Tier 2 & 3 Interventions website. There are a plethora of resources based on the specific needs your student might be working on.

Next, we began to use Geodes from Wilson Language Fundations, which are 80% decodable texts, to begin seeing our CVC words within a continuous text. Along with reading, we continued to build our decoding skills, as well as we explored high interest texts to expand our vocabulary and strengthen our comprehension. 

Not only did we want to expand our reading skills, but we also wanted to build our writing development since reading and writing are reciprocal processes. Our goal as educators is to build writers, not scribes. We must expand upon what skills are solid, and exponentially grow confidence in our budding writers. Paul was more than ready to take on this challenge! We began by writing simple sentences based on the Geode text we read. Then, Paul began to use words from our Fundations phonics learning to create sentences. Towards the end of the year, all first graders were expected to write an opinion piece based on the text “Town Mouse, Country Mouse” by Jan Brett. The goal was to use at least 2 reasons from the book to support their opinion. An additional challenge was to have the writer close their piece by reminding the reader of their opinion. 

*Paul’s end of the year opinion piece

As one can see from Paul’s piece, there are still many phonics principles Paul will continue to work on and make solid while encoding, but, overall, he showed tremendous growth and improvement from the beginning of first grade. This is what is important. This is the process.

Sometimes as educators, we get hung up on the end of year benchmarks and scores, but what we really need to be analyzing is the child who sits before us, and their progress and growth over time. The pieces of the puzzle will eventually come together, but time and patience supersedes all. Believe in the process, and remember, teaching children to read is a balanced approach. As adults, we all have different needs… children are no different! Empower a community of learners who will fall in love with reading and writing for life!

Cameron Carter is a first grade teacher at Evening Street Elementary in Worthington, Ohio. He is currently the Vice-President of the Ohio Council of Teachers of English Language Arts (OCTELA) and a member of the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). He has a Masters in Reading and Literacy from The Ohio State University, and has presented at many state and national conferences. To continue learning with Cameron, follow him on Twitter @CRCarter313

By Tonya Gilchrist

As this academic year winds down for many of us, it’s an optimal time to think about how your next school year will begin. After all, ask just about any teacher, and they will tell you how important it is to set up rituals and routines at the very start of the year. Laying this groundwork pays dividends again and again.

But it’s not just that you create rituals and routines with students; it’s also vital you consider what kinds and in what ways.

What kind of community will you nurture? What will be your promises to the students in your care? How might “classroom management” evolve into agentic community ownership?

Enter: restorative and sustaining practices.

But…What exactly are restorative and sustaining practices? How do they walk hand-in-hand with your other core values: agency, inquiry, equity, and more? And where might you begin?

Develop a Restorative Mindset

Before we can begin to utilize restorative and sustaining practices, we must develop a restorative mindset. As the saying goes, “Thought leads to action.” There are six key beliefs that inform a restorative mindset.

1. Relationships and trust are at the center of community.
2. All members of the community are responsible to and for each other.
3. Multiple perspectives are welcomed, and all voices are equally important.
4. Healing is a process essential to restoring community.
5. Harm-doers should be held accountable for and take an active role in repairing harm.
6. Conflict is resolved through dialogue and collaborative problem-solving that addresses the root cause and the needs of those involved.

As educators and school leaders, it’s vital that we are authentically living these tenets in context with one another and that we model them for children—both explicitly and implicitly. It’s also vital that we intentionally design for students to get plenty of opportunities to live and grow this kind of mindset, too.

A common misconception about sustaining and restorative practices is that they are “too soft.” However, quite the opposite is true. In many ways, sustaining and restorative practices are about not taking the “easy way out” by handling conflict with a superficial lens, but rather truly resolving conflict by getting to the root of issues, considering multiple perspectives, and problem-solving together. These practices support so many aspects of our bigger “why” as educators by nurturing open-mindedness, critical thinking, reflection and metacognition, communication skills, integrity, and more.

In fact, note number five in our list of tenets. “Harm-doers should be held accountable for and take an active role in repairing harm.” Indeed. Receiving a punishment does not make you accountable. Accountability is achieved when someone understands the impact of their actions, takes responsibility for choices, and works to repair harm done.

With restorative and sustaining practices, we are moving from a mindset of “You’re in trouble!” to “Make things right.” Punitive practices focus on blame and punishment—but we know this will not lead to true growth and lasting change. Restorative practices, on the other hand, focus on responsibility, problem-solving, and understanding—attributes that lead to developing authentic ownership, sound judgment, and integrity for life.

Use Restorative Language

Empathetic Listening

It might seem odd to see listening highlighted when discussing what kind of language to use. However, not all languages are spoken. There is so much we communicate even without words. Listening is a vital component of effective communication.

What might active, empathetic listening look like?

● Listen with your whole self—and pay attention to the speaker’s whole self, too. Paying attention to tone and body language is just as important as hearing the words a person speaks. As you listen, you might ask yourself questions like: What is the speaker’s posture? What does the look in the speaker’s eyes seem to be communicating? How loudly or softly is the speaker speaking? Which words are the speaker emphasizing?

●  Put yourself in the other’s shoes. Even if you experience the same or similar situation to someone else, how you experience it can be quite different. Don’t assume you know exactly how another person feels. Instead, after listening to the speaker, follow-up with clarifying questions that seek to understand. Perhaps questions such as: What is that like for you? How did you feel when…? What did you enjoy about…? What has been the hardest part of…?

●  Provide mirrors. By repeating or paraphrasing the meaning of a person’s words in a warm and caring tone, you let the speaker know that you are not judging him nor trying to control what he does next—rather, you are truly seeking to understand. Plus, through mirroring, you can help the speaker better understand herself and her emotions. You might try phrases such as: Do I understand that you feel…? What you’re saying is…? What I hear you saying is… I can see that you’re feeling…

Compassion and empathy are two of the greatest skills we can hold as humans. Are we truly “walking the walk” and living them with students? As humans, we have three basic, social needs: to feel respected, to feel accepted, and to feel significant. Empathetic listening can be a doorway to meeting those needs.

Affective Statements

Words matter. While listening is a vital part of communication, words are powerful, too. Your words can lift up opportunities for understanding and when needed, healing. One helpful frame for getting started with restorative language is what is often referred to as affective statements or “I Statements.” Examine the two examples below.

What do you notice? Imagine a likely scenario with a student in your care. How might the use of “I Statements” impact how things transpire?

Of course, “I Statements” aren’t just for adults. They become a part of our school culture and community and are used by children, teens, parents—everyone.

When children are provided with a frame they can use to support open-mindedness, they develop lifelong skills to communicate openly and authentically. Supporting students in building these skills is a process that takes time, clarity, and consistency—but it is oh so worth it.

You Can’t Restore What Hasn’t Been Built

It’s important to note the inclusion of the word sustaining. You can’t restore something if there’s nothing to restore it to. It is vital that we nurture cultures and communities of caring and well-being. In other words, the “norm” for our culture is to be caring, open-minded, and understanding. We sustain that through our daily interactions and ways of being—through using practices like empathetic listening and affective statements.

The norm is that our culture is healthy. However, when conflict arises—and it is natural that it will—we have practices to help us restore wellbeing, too.

This is just the beginning when it comes to restorative practices. Starting with this strong foundation of a restorative mindset and restorative language paves the way to even more powerful practices such as restorative conversations, restorative circles, peer conferences, and more.

About Tonya

Tonya Gilchrist is an international learning strategist and consultant who specializes in helping schools around the world amplify inquiry and honor agency for deep learning and transfer across languages, literacies, and disciplines. From Readers’/Writers’ Workshop to Reggio to UDL to IB, Tonya works with schools to tailor professional learning just for their specific contexts and their unique needs. Previously, she enjoyed many years as an educator, instructional coach, and curriculum specialist. Tonya earned her Master’s Degree in Educational Leadership from Hong Kong University. She also holds an IB Certificate in Leadership Practice and an IB Advanced Certificate in Leadership Research. When she’s not onsite supporting schools all over the world, Tonya enjoys living in the Mediterranean sunshine in southern Europe with her husband.

Connect with Tonya

Website: tonyagilchrist.com
Twitter: @Mrs_Gilchrist
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/tonyagilchristcom Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/tonyagilchrist Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tonyagilchrist/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tonyagilchrist/

By Laura Robb

Books give a soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and life to everything. Plato

“The only way to read the world is by traveling the world!” Unprepared for these words recently spoken by a first-year teacher during a collaborative conversation on independent reading, I delayed responding. As everyone filed out of my office, I asked the teacher to remain. He insisted that travel was better than reading books—it was “direct” experience, not reading about the experiences and lives of others. My issue with these beliefs is that they affected independent reading in his seventh-grade classroom: The twenty minutes a day required of ELA teachers occurred from zero to two to three times a week.  My concern with his reasoning revolved around depriving students of access to books—having opportunities to choose and daily read culturally relevant books that reflect the diversity in our country and the world.

Access and Opportunity Can Lead to Equity

Access means that students can self-select books from a range of genres and reading levels that they want to and can read in their classroom and school libraries.  Classroom libraries put books at students’ fingertips, allowing them to return a completed book any school day and browse to find a new one.  A well-stocked starter classroom library has 600 to 700 culturally relevant books on a wide range of reading levels and genres. Over time, the goal is to have 1,000 to 1,500 books that include recommendations from students, transforming the collection into our library.

            Access can lead to equity as long as classroom and school libraries have culturally relevant books that permit all students to read and learn about diverse cultures and lifestyles.  In addition, course opportunities, books, materials, technology, and professional learning are also factors influencing access and equity in schools. The most inclusive schools tend to focus on how staff can create opportunities that reach and meet the needs of all students no matter their socio-economic status and/or reading abilities.

To read is to know people and places we’ll never meet. To read is to step inside a character’s skin and live life as that character. To read is to visit the past, live more deeply in the present, and glimpse into the future. To read is to know our selves better by knowing and empathizing with others. To read the world, students from all cultures and ethnicities need access to books that represent the diverse populations and lifestyles in our country and across the globe.

Mirrors, Windows, and Sliding Glass Doors

While many teachers and school leaders continue to dedicate themselves to developing classroom libraries and curricula that include culturally relevant texts, there is still much work to do. One pathway to creating better opportunities for students is to consider the role of books in your school using the reflections of Rudine Sims Bishop:

“Books are sometimes windows, offering views of worlds that may be real or imagined, familiar or strange. These windows are also sliding glass doors, and readers have only to walk through in imagination to become part of whatever world has been created and recreated by the author. When lighting conditions are just right, however, a window can also be a mirror. Literature transforms human experience and reflects it back to us, and in that reflection, we can see our own lives and experiences as part of the larger human experience. Reading, then, becomes a means of self-affirmation, and readers often seek their mirrors in books.” (1990, p. ix-xi)       

You can meet the diverse reading needs of students in your classes by providing access to culturally relevant and diverse texts, daily including independent reading, and then offering them opportunities to choose what they want to read. Then have students engage in partner and small group discussions because reading is social.   

Reading is Social: Give Students Choice and Voice

Recently, I finished reading The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller and at different points in the book I felt compelled to reach out to a friend to discuss my feelings. Through impromptu conversations with classmates and friends, readers satisfy a desire to share books.  Yes, reading is social and it’s important for teachers to keep in mind that besides choosing their books, students crave opportunities to spontaneously share a favorite part or comment about their book with a peer.

            Besides formal partner and small group discussions, set up independent reading so that students can be social and have whispered, unplanned talks to express their feelings and/or thoughts about a book. Independent reading is often not silent nor is it noisy. Instead, the sharing is spur-of-the-moment, and students might ask a classmate to listen to a powerful passage or explain an emotion or a connection to a character or event. The social aspect of reading is also a terrific way to advertise beloved books to peers!

Thoughts That Linger

When students have choice and voice, they engage deeply with texts. Encourage them to stack a few “I-want-to-reads” in their cubbies, keeping books at their fingertips, so they can start a new book after finishing and returning a completed text to their classroom library. By offering all students choices of culturally relevant books that interest them—books that they can read, enjoy, and talk about, you move a step closer to the access and equity that is the civil right of all students. Moreover, you provide reading experiences that prepare them to participate productively in a global society.

References

Sims Bishop, Rudine (1990). “Windows, Mirrors, and Sliding Glass Doors,”

Perspectives: Choosing and Using Books for the Classroom, 6(3), ix-xi.

Miller, Madeline (2012). The Song of Achilles. Boston, MA: Back Bay Books.